Start and end each session with a visible thinking learning task - what I used to think and what I think now - to help implement the Five Formative Assessment Strategies to improve student learning.

• 1. HEAT
• 2. TEMPERATURE

• 3. CONDUCTION
• 4. CONVECTION
• 5. RADIATION

Video. Bill Nye - Heat (2min)

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• Arrange blobs of cold butter at equal intervals along the handle of a metal spoon/knife (or similar.
• Place a small paper-clip upright in each blob of butter
• Bend the 'scoop' end of the spoon at right angles to the handle
• Heat the spoon by immersing the bent, scooped end of the spoon into hot water.

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MATERIALS

• Cup of iced water
• Cup of hot water
• Two cups of room temperature water
• Food colouring (blue + red)
• Two pipettes
• Transparent water tank (fill with room temperature water)

This is a new experiment showing how heat moves from one place to another via convection.

HYPOTHESIS:

• What do you think will happen when food colour is placed into a water tank when one side of the tank is coooler (previous experiment showed what happened when the centre of the tank was heated)!

METHOD

1. Place a cup of iced water under the left hand side of the water tank
2. Place a cup of hot water under the left hand side of the water tank
3. Mix some red food colour into a small cup full of room temperature water
4. Mix some blue food colour into a small cup full of room temperature water
5. Fill one pipette with red food colouring drawn from room temperature coloured water
6. Fill one pipette with blue food colouring drawn from room temperature coloured water
7. Carefully squeeze blue colour into the bottom of the tank - The cold/left side of the tank and red into the hot/right-hand side
   1. Slowly continue to fill pipettes and release more food colouring into the water tank

DISCUSSION

• What did you observe when the food colour was added?
• What do you think was happening to the water in the tank?

An infra-red (IR) thermometer can be used to help make some experiments more concrete.

Other types of energy that convert into thermal energy can be inferred from thermal signals. Hence, many invisible physical, chemical, and biological processes that absorb or release heat can be visualized, discovered, and investigated. The following experiment can be successfully performed using a simple IR thermometer only.

Shine a desk lamp (or invisible IR light source) through an inverted plastic take-away or similar container.

The light will be absorbed by the black paper inside.

The paper will radiate IR light, but the IR radiation emitted from the paper cannot penetrate through the transparent container.

As a result, heat is trapped inside the inverted container.

The above can be measured using an IR thermometer.

QUESTIONS

• What happens to the temperature inside the container - and why?
• How could this experiment be extended/adapted to show a range of other heat-related effects?

Source - See Global Warming Experiment

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Radiation Fog forms when a layer of warm, wet air forms close to the ground and another layer of cooler, drier air forms on top of the warmer layer. When the ground begins to cool down, the water droplets in the warm, wet air begin to condense to form fog. This type of fog is called radiation fog.

Fog will form in one of the bottles – make a prediction based on the description of how fog forms on which bottle will produce a simulation of fog. Which one do you think will produce the fog?

MATERIALS

• Two soda bottles with necks about the size of an ice cube
• Two ice cubes about the size of the soda bottle necks
• Hot water
• Cold water
• Journal or logbook

Estimated Experiment Time - One to two hours at most.

PROCEDURE

1. Empty the soda bottles and rinse them out thoroughly. Label each soda bottle, one with “Cold water” and the other with “Hot water.”
2. Fill the first soda bottle ¼ of the way full with cold water. Place an ice cube in the neck of the soda bottle so it is wedged in but does not pass all the way through the bottle. What happens? Record your findings in your journal.
3. Repeat step two with the second soda bottle, only this time, filling the bottle ¼ of the way full with hot water. Place the ice cube in the neck of this soda bottle and note what happens.

Note - This experiment is an accurate simulation of radiation fog.

OBSERVATION

• Watch what happens with each soda bottle and remember to record your findings in your journal or logbook.
• Fog will form in the bottle with the xxxx water, but it will not form in the bottle of xxxx water.
• Why do you think that is? How does the description of how fog is formed relate to your findings?
• What do you think would happen if you repeated this experiment with several soda bottles with different temperatures of water?
• What do you think would happen if you used only warm water (not hot) or lukewarm (almost cool) water? Do you think more or less fog would form in the soda bottle?
• How do the results of the experiment apply to real life situations?

We started our study of HEAT on this page.

Here were some of our first questions:

1. Are some materials warmer or colder than others?
2. What is the difference between 'hot', 'cold' and 'heat'?
3. Does the temperature of something depend on it's size (a small versus a large ice block)?
4. How does heat move from one object to another?

Thinking about what you have seen over the last few weeks, do you think you have you changed any of your ideas about these questions?

1. 'Does hot air rise (due to heat)' or does 'cold air fall (due to gravity)'?
   • When you have two theories to explain the same thing, what can you do
   • To test a theory, design an experiment where each theory predicts a different outcome.
   • In the space station, there is plenty of air but almost no gravity.
   • If hot air rises, then it should also 'rise' in zero gravity. Does it?
   • Does hot air really rise?
   • High above our planet in the realm of satellites and space stations, the familiar rules of Earth do not apply. The midday sky is as black as night. There is no up and no down. Dropped objects do not fall, and hot air does not rise.⁶⁾. In the absence of gravity, there is no buoyant force so no movement is possible physically but however hot air will start exchanging heat with the cooler air by means of conduction and radiation if they are in contact with each other and only by pure radiation if they are not in contact. ( no convection can takes place because of the absence of gravity) ⁷⁾

• NASA - View how a candle flame burns in zero gravity

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